海森堡不確定性原理不限制單一測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確度。
原文
uncertainty principle physical principle, enunciated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, that places an absolute, theoretical limit on the combined accuracy of certain pairs of simultaneous, related measurements. The accuracy of a measurement is given by the uncertainty in the result; if the measurement is exact, the uncertainty is zero. According to the uncertainty principle, the mathematical product of the combined uncertainties of simultaneous measurements of position and momentum in a given direction cannot be less than Planck's constant h divided by 4π. The principle also limits the accuracies of simultaneous measurements of energy and of the time required to make the energy measurement. The value of Planck's constant is extremely small, so that the effect of the limitations imposed by the uncertainty principle are not noticeable on the large scale of ordinary measurements; however, on the scale of atoms and elementary particles the effect of the uncertainty principle is very important. Because of the uncertainties existing at this level, a picture of the submicroscopic world emerges as one of statistical probabilities rather than measurable certainties. On the large scale it is still possible to speak of causality in a framework described in terms of space and time; on the atomic scale this is not possible. Such a description would require exact measurements of such quantities as position, speed, energy, and time, and these quantities cannot be measured exactly because of the uncertainty principle. It does not limit the accuracy of single measurements, of nonsimultaneous measurements, or of simultaneous measurements of pairs of quantities other than those specifically restricted by the principle. Even so, its restrictions are sufficient to prevent scientists from being able to make absolute predictions about future states of the system being studied. The uncertainty principle has been elevated by some thinkers to the status of a philosophical principle, called the principle of indeterminacy, which has been taken by some to limit causality in general. See quantum theory .
譯文
物理理論不確定性原理，由海森堡于1927年闡明。指明同時(shí)測(cè)量某些測(cè)量對(duì)時(shí)，綜合準(zhǔn)確度的限制。測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確度由測(cè)量結(jié)果的不確定度給定。如果測(cè)量是精確的，則不確定度為零。 根據(jù)不確定性原理，同時(shí)測(cè)量位置和給定方向的動(dòng)量時(shí)，合成不確定度之積，不能小于普朗克常數(shù)除以4π。此原理還限制同時(shí)測(cè)量能量與測(cè)量能量所需時(shí)間的測(cè)量準(zhǔn)確度。普朗克常數(shù)特別小，在宏觀世界中，對(duì)通常測(cè)量，不確定性原理的限制效應(yīng)不顯現(xiàn)；而對(duì)原子和粒子的尺度，不確定性原理的限制效應(yīng)非常重要。由于此場(chǎng)合不確定性的存在，亞微觀世界的顯現(xiàn)為統(tǒng)計(jì)，而非必然可測(cè)。大尺度中，在時(shí)空所描述的框架中，談因果關(guān)系是可以的；在原子世界，這是不可能的。這種描述要求諸如位置，速度，能量以及時(shí)間的精確測(cè)量，而由于不確定性原理，這些量不能精確測(cè)量。不限制單一測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確度，也不限制非同時(shí)測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確度，非不確定原理要求的成對(duì)的量，同時(shí)測(cè)量也不限制準(zhǔn)確度。即使如此，科學(xué)做出所研究的系統(tǒng)的關(guān)于未來(lái)狀態(tài)的絕對(duì)預(yù)言，它的限制是充足的。不確定性原理被一些思想家引申去研究哲學(xué)，稱為模糊原理，被用于限制通常的因果關(guān)系。見量子理論。
Bibliography: See W. Heisenberg, The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory (tr. 1949); D. Lindley, Uncertainty (2007). |
收藏
贊
踩
閩公網(wǎng)安備 35020602000072號(hào)